CÔNG TÁC QUẢN LÝ

Cấu trúc của TPG là gì và tổ chức này có những kế hoạch ra sao?
Maxime BOUTAGHOU-COURTEMANCHE


Các thành phố ở Việt Nam đã tăng trưởng mạnh mẽ kể từ khi nhà nước thực hiện công cuộc Đổi mới vào năm 1986. Sự phát triển này tạo áp lực lên các không gian công cộng vốn đã kém phù hợp với nhu cầu của trẻ em. TPG ra đời để giải quyết vấn đề này sau khi các chính sách của nhà nước trở nên mềm mỏng hơn đối với các tổ chức xã hội dân sự. Thông qua việc sử dụng các hoạt động DIY đô thị, tổ chức đặt mục tiêu giải quyết việc thiếu hụt không gian vui chơi cho trẻ em ở Hà Nội. Thành công của sáng kiến này cho thấy tầm quan trọng của việc thực hành DIY trong đô thị ở Việt Nam và cả những ngước phát triển, hiểu được sự ra đời của tổ chức, công tác vận hành của tổ chức và cách thức mà tổ chức phối hợp với các tổ chức khác hiện hành.

BỐI CẢNH


 

Civil Society in Vietnam

Civil society is a singular concept within the Vietnamese context, where the state is present at all levels and must approve all projects before they can move ahead. Civil society organizations are thus forced to interact by varying degrees with the public authorities, a situation which seems unorthodox within the Western conception of civil society. It’s therefore necessary to adopt a definition of civil society that’s based on the actors and their actions, and that understands that they behave independently of but not in opposition to the state, yet while not being free from state influence (Gray, 1999; Nørlund, 2007; Wischermann, 2010).

  • PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD

    This period is marked by a certain balance between hierarchic state authority and the autonomy of local aid groups. On the one hand, the Neo-Confucian foundations of Vietnamese society favoured the maintenance of a strong hierarchy, where the decisions of men and the elderly were not to be questioned. Yet at the same time, neighbourhood associations were formed informally and voluntarily and elected representatives who would negotiate certain issues with the authorities. These “non-governmental organizations” could provide economic assistance to the population in times of crisis, or else limit their roles to the organization of events (Lux and Straussman, 2004).

  • FRENCH COLONIZATION

    The French invasion produced a change in power structures, which arrived alongside Western modes of thinking around issues of state governance and civic involvement. Individualist and informal modes of organization were increasingly adopted across Vietnamese society. The balance between local contestation and state hierarchy was called into question as a more liberal model of civil society was encouraged, most notably through education. Ironically, the colonial regime and European currents of thought promoted an expansion of civil society’s domain and opened the door to a challenge of the authorities (Lux et Straussman, 2004).

  • INDEPENDANCE AND COMMUNISM

    The Communist party victory led to the disappearance of traditional community groups. The state considered it necessary to the fulfillment of its socialist project to suppress all elements acting outside the scope of its directives, and particularly those who might challenge them. The state hierarchy thus became predominant in all decisional processes. There was also a transformation in the nature of community involvement. Rather than take the form of organizations defending their interests before the state, citizens’ groups, much like the mass Communist organizations, became semi-autonomous branches of the state (Lux and Straussman, 2004).

  • POST- ĐỔI MỚI

    With the Đổi mới renewal policies of 1986, the Communist state liberalized its economy and opened the door to greater civil liberties and freedoms of association. At the turn of the 2000s, the country saw an increase in the number of non-governmental organizations and local associations similar to those observed during the pre-revolution years. New opportunities for citizen engagement thereby emerged, though these groups must still negotiate their actions with the state and respect its decisional authority (Lux and Straussman, 2004). It’s within this context of liberalization and of a partial opening towards citizen action that Think Playgrounds and DIY urbanism emerged on the scene.

 

    TẦM QUAN TRỌNG CỦA VUI CHƠI

    Cơ hội được vui chơi trong thời thơ ấu đóng góp vào sự phát triển nhận thức toàn diện ở trẻ nhỏ. Nhiều nghiên cứu được thực hiện qua nhiều năm đã minh chứng tác động tích cực của việc vui chơi lên học hành, cơ hội nghề nghiệc, tiền lương và giảm thiểu bạo lực (Berk vàMeyers, 2013; Kellock, 2015; Walker và cộng sự, 2011).

    Phát triển các kĩ năng tự chủ ở trẻ nhỏ là một trong các lợi ích chính đến từ việc vui chơi. Các nghiên cứu cho thấy, các kĩ năng học được trong khi chơi sau này trở nên có ích khi đi học và trong cuộc sống (Berk và Meyers, 2013; Kellock, 2015). Tuy nhiên, các nghiên cứu này chủ yếu được thực hiện ở các nước phát triển, và có các rào cản lớn khác có thể giải thích trình độ học vấn thấp ở Việt Nam. Mặc dù vậy, trẻ em ở các nước đang phát triển có lẽ sẽ được hưởng lợi nếu cơ hội vui chơi được tăng lên.

    • Đông Nam Á 66%
    • Bắc Mỹ 4%

    TRẺ EM CÓ NGUY CƠ HỌC KÉM Ở LỚP 4
    (UNESCO, 2014; Kellock, 2015)

    « People feel deep down like play is a fifth-tier issue, you know there is hunger, there is starvation. I don’t feel like that at all. There are 200 million children who live childhood without proper stimulation to develop their brain. That is a global massive issue that we need to deal with. »

    Playground Ideas' Founder

    TÌNH TRẠNG SÂN CHƠI Ở HÀ NỘI

    Các quận nội thành Hà Nội thiếu không gian xanh và đặc biệt là sân chơi cho trẻ em. Các sân chơi hiện có đang gặp phải nguy cơ:

    • Bị chính quyền bỏ mặc và thiếu tài chính để duy trì
    • Cơ sở vật chất có chất lượng thấp và trong tình trạng sập xệ
    • Bị người dân và các cơ sở kinh doanh xung quanh sử dụng làm nơi chứa đồ
    • Bị chính quyền bán cho các công ty bất động sản để tăng doanh thu cho nhà nước
    • Bị chuyển đổi thành không gian để chính phủ sử dụng (Nguyễn, 2015)

    *Hanoï Central Districts
    (Reference: Nguyen, 2015)

    Kết quả và thảo luận


    Phần dưới đây nhằm mục đích khắc họa các quan sát về TPG với tư cách một tổ chức, và miêu tả các chiến lược khác nhau mà tổ chức này thực hiện khi tương tác với xã hội Việt Nam, các tình nguyện viên cũng như đối tác của mình.

    TỔ CHỨC

    Sứ mệnh
    Mục đích của tổ chức khi được thành lập vào năm 2014 là để hợp tác chặt chẽ với cộng đồng nhằm hoàn thiện một sân chơi với chi phí thấp. Kể từ đó, các sáng lập viên của TPG đã đề ra ba
    mục tiêu cốt lõi cho tổ chức: xây dựng sân chơi trong thành phố; củng cố mạng lưới những tổ chức và cá nhân nỗ lực hoạt động để cải thiện điều kiện sống cho trẻ em và người nghèo, cũng như tất cả cư dân thành phố; và cuối cùng, hỗ trợ các nhà quy hoạch thành phố trong việc tạo ra các không gian cho trẻ em.
    Thách thức
    Do không gian công cộng rất hạn chế, việc lắp đặt các sân chơi gây ra mâu thuẫn với những cách sử dụng khác đối với không gian đó. Chính vì vậy, TPG thường xuyên sử dụng các kết cấu có thể dịch chuyển, cho phép sử dụng theo nhiều cách khác nhau trong ngày. Tổ chức cũng phải đối mặt với các vấn đề về nguồn quỹ, vì việc quyên tặng cho các dự án đô thị không phổ biến ở Việt Nam.
    Doanh nghiệp xã hội
    TPG mong muốn trở thành một doanh nghiệp xã hội. Khung pháp lý này kết hợp cơ cấu hoạt động của các tổ chức tư nhân và tổ chức xã hội, cho phép các tổ chức kiếm lời trong khi vẫn duy trì định hướng cộng đồng của họ. Tổ chức này đã có doanh thu thông qua các hợp đồng với những khách hàng tư nhân và nguồn thu đó chi trả cho sứ mệnh về xã hội của họ nhưng hiện gặp khó khăn trong việc kết nối hai mảng hoạt động.
    Kỹ thuật
    Các sáng lập viên của TPG có nền tảng về kiến trúc, quản lý tổ chức và truyền thông, nhưng họ thuê một thợ mộc lành nghề để phụ trách các vấn đề liên quan đến xây dựng và chỉ dẫn cho tình nguyện viên. Người này cũng nghiên cứu các đồ chơi Việt Nam truyền thống để tìm cách tái sử dụng những vật này.

    Sứ mệnh

    Mục đích của tổ chức khi được thành lập vào năm 2014 là để hợp tác chặt chẽ với cộng đồng nhằm hoàn thiện một sân chơi với chi phí thấp. Kể từ đó, các sáng lập viên của TPG đã đề ra ba mục tiêu cốt lõi cho tổ chức: xây dựng sân chơi trong thành phố; củng cố mạng lưới những tổ chức và cá nhân nỗ lực hoạt động để cải thiện điều kiện sống cho trẻ em và người nghèo, cũng như tất cả cư dân thành phố; và cuối cùng, hỗ trợ các nhà quy hoạch thành phố trong việc tạo ra các không gian cho trẻ em.

    THINK PLAYGROUNDS FOUNDERS
    Source: Duc Nguyen

    r

    Thách thức

    Do không gian công cộng rất hạn chế, việc lắp đặt các sân chơi tạo ra mâu thuẫn với những cách sử dụng khác đối với không gian đó. TPG do đó thường xuyên sử dụng các cấu trúc có thể dịch chuyển cho phép sử dụng theo nhiều cách khác nhau trong một ngày. Tổ chức cũng phải đối mặt với các vấn đề về nguồn quỹ, vì việc quyên tặng cho các dự án đô thị không phổ biến ở Việt Nam.

    MULTIPLE USAGES TEMPLE
    Source: Maxime Boutaghou-Courtemanche

    “Old people want to keep the public space for themselve”

    Think Playgrounds' Founder

    EXAMPLE OF MULTIPLE USAGES OF THE SPACE

    The below photo depicts a performance that took place in a temple courtyard in Ba Dinh. This type of space is a sign of the strong demand for multipurpose public spaces in Hanoi. The temple shown below is used to host sports activities during the day and various community events in the evenings.

    Doanh nghiệp xã hội

    TPG mong muốn chuyển thành doanh nghiệp xã hội. Khung pháp lý này kết hợp cơ cấu hoạt động của các tổ chức tư nhân với tổ chức xã hội, cho phép các tổ chức kiếm lời trong khi vẫn duy trì định hướng cộng đồng của họ. Tổ chức này đã có doanh thu thông qua các hợp đồng với những khách hàng tư nhân và nguồn thu đó chi trả cho sứ mệnh về xã hội của họ, nhưng hiện gặp khó khăn trong việc kết nối hai mảng hoạt động.

    “Stay focus on the community projects.”

    Think Playgrounds' Founder

    Kỹ thuật

    ACTION FOR THE CITY

    ACCD is an NGO that’s devoted to improving the quality of life for residents of cities across Vietnam. The organization works to promote the concept of liveable cities, notably through community action, interventions in public spaces, and the creation of urban farms. ACCD supported Think Playgrounds in the stages prior, during and following the organization’s founding.

    The founders of Think Playgrounds partnered with a master carpenter in order to complement their own skills training in architecture and communications. The 45 year-old carpenter worked previously in interior design, and when he got word of Think Playgrounds’ initiative, he decided to devote himself to it full-time. The woodworker’s interest for the project stems from the fact that he never played as a child and wants to ensure that other children are not similarly deprived. In addition to sharing his knowledge with Think Playground’s entire team of volunteers, the master carpenter of the studio also dedicates his weeks to training his apprentice.

    Master Carpenter In Think Playgrounds’ Studio
    Source: Maxime Boutaghou-Courtemanche

    The mentor does not only carry out the designs, but influences them as well through his research into traditional games across Vietnam. He says that while the poor quality of materials available acts as a constraint, this does not prevent him from pursuing his research and applying it through the projects they implement. A project manager at Action for the City (ACCD), an NGO that is partnered with Think Playgrounds, points out that the use of these traditional games seems to be appreciated by older citizens, and thus serves to favour their inclusion. These installations might therefore represent a promising avenue for resolving the intergenerational tensions linked to the sharing of the spaces.

    Mô tả
    Nhóm tình nguyện viên ở TPG là các thanh niên, chủ yếu là sinh viên ngành kiến trúc. Với đa số những người này, đây là trải nghiệm đầu tiên trong lĩnh vực thiết kế đô thị. Lịch làm việc ở xưởng của tổ chức rất linh hoạt nên các tình nguyện viên có thể dành phần lớn thời gian rảnh rỗi của mình cho TPG. Họ được tuyển chọn tại các trường đại học, do bạn bè giới thiệu hoặc biết đến tổ chức thông qua mạng xã hội.
    Mức độ hài lòng
    Các tình nguyện viên ở TPG rất vui khi được tham gia vào các dự án của tổ chức. Với lịch làm việc linh hoạt, họ có thể tham gia các hoạt động xã hội của tổ chức, các buổi tập huấn giúp họ làm việc hiệu quả hơn và còn có thể cảm nhận được những đóng góp của mình trong mỗi một hoạt động quan trọng. Sự hài lòng của họ kèm theo sự cam kết tham gia tối đa đóng góp vào việc duy trì tổ chức về lâu dài.
    Trao quyền
    Phần lớn các tình nghiện viên của TPG muốn thực hiện một sáng kiến tương tự bằng chính khả năng của mình. Nhiều người trong số họ cũng tin rằng họ sở hữu hoặc có thể học hỏi những kĩ năng cần thiết tại đây. Do đó, tổ chức thành công trong mục tiêu đóng góp vào việc củng cố và mở rộng mạng lưới các cá nhân và tổ chức hoạt động trong lĩnh vực vui chơi cho trẻ em thông qua việc nâng cao năng lực cho các tình nguyện viên của mình.

    Cảm nhận về “Nghĩ về sân chơi trong phố”
    Các tình nguyện viên ở TPG mô tả về hoạt động của tổ chức bằng từ ngữ gợi đến DIY đô thị, nhưng bản thân họ không cảm thấy quen thuộc với khái niệm này. Họ không cho rằng các hoạt động của mình tách khỏi kiến trúc và họ đặc biệt lo ngại về thời gian mà trẻ em sử dụng để chơi điện tử.

    TÌNH NGUYỆN VIÊN

    Who are they?

    ♀ GENDER ♂
    A certain gender parity was noted with interest among Think Playgrounds’ volunteers. It was more difficult, however, to identify the causes. Is it encouraged by the organization’s leadership team, which is itself gender-equal? Does it simply reflect the gender composition of the Vietnamese university classes from which they were recruited? Or rather, is it due to the combination of “physical” labour and a gendered separation of roles? As mentioned by one of the founders during an information session with the neighbourhood’s residents, Vietnamese men often consider children’s play to be the domain of women.

    Depending on the season and projects under way, Think Playgrounds generally relies on a team of approximately twenty volunteers. Of the twenty, eleven participated in guided interviews. The average age of respondents was 22, and they were of diverse origins, with eight volunteers hailing from cities and regions outside the Hanoi metropolitan region. Only three respondents grew up in Hanoi, and one came from the outskirts of the capital. Many of the volunteers who originated from outside Hanoi had moved to the city to pursue their studies. Most of the volunteers we interviewed were studying architecture, with only two pursuing studies in other domains and two who were still in secondary school. The preponderance of architecture students among Think Playgrounds’ volunteers stems from their recruitment strategy that targets students in these programs. Nonetheless, only two of the respondents felt that Think Playgrounds’ actions related to architecture. The reasons for their involvement thus go beyond the desire to deepen their knowledge in their field of study.

    Despite the fact that many respondents are studying architecture, for most of them Think Playgrounds represents their first experience of urban action projects. Nearly half of the respondents stated that they had been active in their communities prior to getting involved with Think Playgrounds, but only two of them had taken part in projects related to urban planning. For nine of the eleven respondents, therefore, their involvement represents their first experience of urban intervention. The organization thus provides Vietnamese youth with their first hands-on experience. The reasons for this involvement merit further exploration, as they could help us better grasp the mechanisms that might enable the creation of a DIY urbanism group in Hanoi, and also allow us to measure the potential effects of such a group on its members.

    The respondents did not provide a specific amount of time in relation to the time devoted. Therefore their answers are here grouped into three categories. Individuals who devoted more than three days a week or who described their involvement with the organization as their primary occupation are here classified as full-time volunteers. All members of this group, however, are only full-time during their summer vacations, as their participation is reduced to weekends only or becomes more sporadic once they return to their studies. Respondents who devote three days a week or less to Think Playgrounds are here considered part-time volunteers. Lastly, there was one respondent who described his involvement as shifting in function of the needs of the organization.

    Who Are They ?

    %

    ACT FOR THE FIRST TIME ON THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT (N=11)

    YEARS OLD ON AVERAGE
    • ARCHITECTURE 64%
    • HIGH SCHOOL 18%
    • COMPUTER SCIENCE 9%
    • ECONOMY OR FINANCE 9%
    FIELDS OF STUDIES (N=11)
    • FULL-TIME DURING THE HOLIDAYS 64%
    • PART-TIME 27%
    • VARIES DEPENDING ON THINK PLAYGROUNDS’ NEEDS 9%
    WEEKLY CONTRIBUTION (N=11)
    7
    Cities or Regions of Origin

    Are They Satisfied?

    When respondents were asked how they felt following their involvement with Think Playgrounds, the words “happy” and “fun” were the most recurrent. This evident satisfaction on the part of their volunteers is not surprising when we compare the organization’s model with best practices regarding volunteer satisfaction. The time allotted, the interpersonal relations, the trainings, and the results of their involvement are all elements we can invoke to explain this level of satisfaction. 

    Adaptation du modèle conceptuel de la chaîne de loyauté des bénévoles
    (Wisner et al. 2005)

    THE SOURCES AND IMPORTANCE OF VOLUNTEER SATISFACTION
    The degree of involvement of volunteers, and especially their long-term participation, can be assessed by looking at the satisfaction that they derive from the activity. This approach becomes necessary when we consider that it is the satisfaction of volunteers that inspires their optimum involvement and thus contributes to the long-term success of the organization, but also that favours the expansion of the volunteer pool once they invite their friends to get involved (Wisner et al. 2005).

    The literature suggests numerous principles that are conducive to the satisfaction of volunteers. Among these we find the flexibility of hours, the social nature of the activities, the sense of contributing to an important cause, and the belief that your contribution is having an impact (Costa et al. 2006; Ferreira et al., 2012; Green & Chalip, 2004; Wisner et al. 2005).

    Flexibility

    Think Playgrounds allows its volunteers the flexibility to decide when to come to the organization’s studio and for how long. Although certain projects or events require a more significant time commitment, volunteers are free to offer what they can rather than have the schedules determined by the organization. This freedom does not result in any lesser involvement, however, as the majority of volunteers devote a significant portion of their free time to Think Playgrounds. 

    PLAYGROUND CONSTRUCTION
    Source: Maxime Boutaghou-Courtemanche

    MORE ON FLEXIBILITY
    Flexibility with regards to the time commitment and schedule is often essential to the satisfaction of volunteers. Volunteer work, by its nature, provides no monetary gain and is not necessarily tied to career or educational advancement. Volunteers therefore desire a certain degree of flexibility with their involvement. The ability for a volunteer to work as much, as little, and when they want is one of the keys to their satisfaction (Wisner et al. 2005).

    The time that volunteers devote to Think Playgrounds is not linked to their fields of study. Students in economics or computer science devoted just as much, if not more, of their time than some students in architecture. It is therefore notable that Think Playgrounds is initiating students from traditionally unrelated disciplines into the domain of urban intervention. The involvement of students from outside the domain of urban planning is partly ascribable to the participants’ concern for child welfare, which was the most recurrent motivation invoked when volunteers were asked to explain their involvement.

    Social Activity

    The social nature of the time devoted to Think Playgrounds was an important factor for most of the volunteers. It is important to understand the work environment in which the activities of Think Playgrounds’ take place. Volunteers are free to work at their own pace in a friendly atmosphere where each is invited to create their own designs for the installations. The social nature of this involvement is all the more apparent when we consider that most of the volunteers arrive with their friends.

    COLLECTIVE LUNCH AT THINK PLAYGROUNDS’ STUDIO
    Source: Maxime Boutaghou-Courtemanche

    MORE ON THE SOCIAL ASPECT
    Regarding the motivations for the volunteers’ involvement, the desire to get out of their homes and participate in a social activity came second only to their concern for the well-being of children, and was tied with their desire to acquire new skills and combat children’s abusive use of video games.

    When asked whether they invited their friends to participate in Think Playgrounds’ activities, eight of eleven respondents answered in the affirmative, with some stating that they regularly brought them to the organization’s studios.

    Effectiveness

    Think Playgrounds provides adequate training to their volunteers, which contributes to their sense of effectiveness. This feeling, in addition to contributing to their overall satisfaction, also increases their sense of empowerment, as seen by the confidence expressed by the majority of volunteers with regards to their ability to launch a similar initiative themselves. 

    VOLUNTEER IN THINK PLAYGROUNDS’ STUDIO
    Source: Maxime Boutaghou-Courtemanche

    MORE ON EFFECTIVENESS
    For Green and Chalip, volunteers derive satisfaction from their sense of effectiveness, which is in turn enabled by trainings that equip volunteers with the required skills to fulfill their role (Green & Chalip, 2004).

    When asked which skills they developed as a result of their involvement with Think Playgrounds, the majority of volunteers invoked either team work or technical skills related to carpentry. Very few raised a lack of technical skills when asked about the difficulties they encountered, and the few that did were able to surmount this obstacle with the help of team work.

    Making a difference

    The majority of respondents felt that their involvement with Think Playgrounds would produce concrete results. If we exclude those volunteers who were still engaged in their first project and thus hadn’t yet had the chance to observe the results of their work, we can state that the totality of respondents believed their involvement was having an impact.  

    • VOLUNTEERS CONSIDERING THEY ARE MAKING A DIFFERENCE (N=11) 82%
    MORE ON CONTRIBUTING TO CAUSE
    According to the literature, most volunteers do not participate in an activity to acquire skills, but rather because they ascribe to the organization’s mission and wish to feel that they are contributing to the fulfillment of that mission (Ferreira et al. 2012; Wisner et al. 2005).

    Empowerment?

    Phần lớn các tình nghiện viên của TPG muốn thực hiện một sáng kiến tương tự bằng chính khả năng của mình. Nhiều người trong số họ cũng tin rằng họ sở hữu hoặc có thể học hỏi những kĩ năng cần thiết tại đây. Do đó, tổ chức thành công trong mục tiêu đóng góp vào việc củng cố và mở rộng mạng lưới các cá nhân và tổ chức hoạt động trong lĩnh vực vui chơi cho trẻ em thông qua việc nâng cao năng lực cho các tình nguyện viên của mình.

    WOULD YOU LIKE TO LAUNCH A SIMILAR INITIATIVE?
    DO YOU FEEL ABLE TO SET UP A SIMILAR INITIATIVE?

    How Do They Perceive Think Playgrounds?

    DIY Urbanism?

    None of the volunteers were familiar with the concepts of DIY or tactical urbanism. Certain respondents, while not being familiar with these terms, nonetheless associated Think Playgrounds’ actions with the idea of encouraging parents and communities to get involved in improving their quality of life. Yet while their actions are not motivated by explicit adherence to the cause of DIY urbanism, the volunteers nonetheless describe their work in terms evocative of the movement.

    Architecture?

    The volunteers view their work as combining woodworking and elements of design, but don’t see it as relating to architecture. Rather than associating their projects with the creation of spaces or facilities, the volunteers believe they are contributing to changing mentalities related to play.

    Against Technology?

    Unsurprisingly, the volunteers at Think Playgrounds believe that there is a lack of children’s spaces in Hanoi. What surprises the most in their responses, rather, is the link they draw between this lack of space and what they deem to be the abusive use of technology and video games by children. The volunteers in fact ascribe the lack of children’s playgrounds to the tendency of children to stay at home playing video games. Their actions can thus be considered a direct response against what they view as a destructive habit.

    “TPG just builds a part of playgrounds in Hanoi and gives a different look about playground to people. They support and guide the way to think :  How should children play?”

    Think Playgrounds' Volunteer

    Project Implementation

    During our research, we were invited to take part in the implementation of one of Think Playgrounds’ projects, namely the transformation into a playground of an old public washroom located at the end of an alleyway in a densely populated district. The timeline below outlines how the stages mentioned previously are carried out for a specific project.

    • First Contact

      Think Playgrounds contact the neighbourhood leader through Bröt Fur Der Velt and ACCD and present her with the idea of creating a playground on the site. She had seen the organization’s actions on television and agrees that it would be beneficial for the neighbourhood.

    • Site Visit

      The founders give our research team a tour of the site of the future installation. It is an old public washroom located at the end of a residential alley. The washroom has been abandoned and residents have been leaving their garbage there.

    • Design

      Design of the playground with the aid of 3D modelling and the production of materials aimed at explaining the project to residents.

    • Presentation of the Project

      An information session is held with residents of the alleyway and the Party representative for the neighbourhood. The old washroom has already been demolished and the concrete floor redone. The audience is composed entirely of women and children, who are given the chance to pose questions. However, the exchanges are conducted mainly between the head of the community and the members of Think Playgrounds. Only one man attended briefly, but left the session. This situation was explained by one of the founders of Think Playgrounds. Though it impacts the neighbourhood, children’s play is considered a women’s issue, thereby explaining the lack of interest manifested by the man in attendance.

    • Crowdfunding

      The project then enters the fundraising stage. The community and ACCD each contributed funding to the playground, but this covered only the cost of the concreting and part of the paint. The project therefore requires more funding to pay for the playground’s materials.

    • Painting of the Site

      Beginning of the application of the base coat to the walls around the site. The funds required for the installations have still not been raised, but enough was amassed to purchase the paint.

    • Participation of Children

      The children from the neighbourhood take part in painting the surrounding walls so that they can appropriate the future site, while some residents of the alleyway look on. One of the walls had already been painted by one of the volunteers from Think Playgrounds, leaving the two others for the children.

    • Installation and Launch

      • The master carpenter and many volunteers from Think Playgrounds proceed to the mounting of the installation. The structures are installed rapidly as the volunteers take care to document their operations in detail. The excitement of the children is palpable, and they begin to use the structures before its installation is complete. The community leader and media are also present for the launch, in the company of the parents and their children.

    7
    Location of the Old Public Washroom transformed into a Playground

    173 Hoàng Hoa Thám, Hanoi

    What Are the Implementation Phases of a Project?

    The implementation phases of Think Playground’s community projects generally follow the precise order described below by the organization and its partners:

    First contact with a client. The client initiates contact with Think Playgrounds either directly or
    through one of its partners.

    Field assessment to identify the needs on the ground, notably through questionnaires distributed to
    future users.

    Design of the structures for the playgrounds. This phase is undertaken by the founders and volunteers
    at Think Playgrounds, with adjustments proposed subsequently by the master carpenter.

    Field assessment to identify the needs on the ground, notably through questionnaires distributed to
    future users.

    Once the design is finalized and a cost assessment produced, the fundraising can begin. The various
    partners contribute, but the bulk of funding is acquired through crowdfunding.

    Construction of the installations by the volunteers at Think Playground’s studios and preparation of
    the site.

    Delivery of the completed site to the community. The maintenance of the structures and use of the
    space are taken over by the residents or mass organizations such as the Vietnamese Youth.

    MẠNG LƯỚI

    Action for the City
    ACCD is an NGO that’s devoted to improving the quality of life for residents of cities across Vietnam. The organization works to promote the concept of liveable cities, notably through community action, interventions in public spaces, and the creation of urban farms. ACCD supported Think Playgrounds during their startup phase, notably by signing cheques on their behalf. The organization also serves as a bridge between its own partners and Think Playgrounds, and provides them with financial and human capital in support of their projects.
    Healthbridge
    Healthbridge is a Canadian NGO that works to improve public health. More specifically, the organization advocates for public spaces, local markets and active transit with the goal of promoting more liveable cities. Healthbridge contacted Think Playgrounds after hearing of their actions in the media. The two organizations have since been working together on projects to build children’s playgrounds in Hanoi. Healthbridge occasionally offers financial support to Think Playgrounds, and serves as a mentor in the area of organizational development. The organization also contributes to the dissemination of best practices and the promotion of children’s spaces through its publications.
    Playground Ideas
    Playground Ideas is an Australian not-for-profit organization. In addition to producing documents in support of children’s play, the organization published an online catalogue of playground models. Playground Ideas actively supports groups that want to install playgrounds, be it through their manuals or by guiding them through the different stages of their projects from afar. The organization created Global Play Alliance, an international network aimed at stimulating discussions. Think Playgrounds is a member of the network.

    Our mission is to help anyone anywhere to build a playground

    – Playground Ideas’ Founder

    UN-habitat
    UN-habitat is an agency of the United Nations specialized in issues pertaining to the sustainable development of cities and human habitats. In Vietnam, the agency has offices in Hanoi, Da Nang and Ho Chi Minh City, but is active throughout the country. UN-Habitat maintains numerous ties with Think Playgrounds. At the local level, exchanges are more interpersonal, as the official we met had worked with Think Playgrounds on behalf of her own community after having witnessed their work on social media. At the national and international levels, the agency helps promote and publicize the Vietnamese organization’s actions and values through its trainings and publications. Although Think Playgrounds and its mission contribute to furthering the objectives of the UN agency, UN-Habitat is one of the partners on this list that is the least directly associated with the organization.

    CÁCH LÀM VIỆC CÙNG NHAU?

    Hành động nhỏ, tầm nhìn lớn

    ” Playstreet … I really love and I think in terms of public perception of the idea, that is a fantastic way to use the topic and a very low risk. No one is goin to go : Oh look there’s a street full of fun stuff, what a bad idea. … it just subliminatarely pushes the idea that play is really important  “

    Playground Ideas' Founder

    TPG dựa vào tầm ảnh hưởng của các đối tác của mình để thuyết phục chính quyền cho phép nhóm tổ chức các sự kiện nhỏ để nhóm được biết đến nhiều trên các phương tiện truyền thông và nâng cao nhận thức cho công chúng về việc thiếu không gian cho trẻ em.
    PLAYSTREET AND PLAYDAY

    Playstreet was one of Think Playground’s earliest initiatives. The weekly event took place on a pedestrianized street in a dense neighbourhood of old Hanoi, where temporary playgrounds were installed for the area’s children. The project was carried out with the support of Healthbridge and in close cooperation with the local authorities.

    Playday, although similar, is an event organized by Think Playgrounds and its regular partners, but occasionally funded by corporate partners such as car companies or real estate developers. These events are sometimes held in more community-oriented spaces, but can also be organized on sites associated with economic development projects.

    Playstreet et Playday are an important component of Think Playground’s operations, as they serve to demonstrate the public’s interest in playgrounds, as well as the possibility of creating low-budget spaces in harmony with the existing environment.

    Bảo vệ và đàm phán

    “… we have worked pretty hard on our brand and we are perceived as this much bigger thing than we actually are… Therefore sometimes we can play a bit of a good cop, bad cop role so we can advocate. I’m happy to be the bad guy and so to say we need this much money we need it by this date and you need to stop screwing us around otherwise we just can’t do it (And then) our local partners can be the nice guys they can come in and say yeah we would like to open it, that works quite well. So you keep that grassroots collaborative attitude on site.”

    Playground Ideas' Founder

    Việc kết nối với các đối tác cho phép TPG duy trì mối quan hệ tốt với chính quyền địa phương và tránh những vấn đề có thể xảy ra. Sự hợp tác của họ với những tổ chức phi chính phủ như Healthbridge và Trung tâm Hành động vì sự phát triển Đô thị (ACCD) cho phép họ phổ biến thông tin và nâng cao nhận thức về các vấn đề lớn hơn đằng sau các hoạt động của họ. Trong khi đó, việc hợp tác với một tổ chức phi chính phủ nước ngoài như Playground Ideas cho phép họ thực hiện thương lượng với chính quyền mỗi khi các dự án bị đình trệ hoặc xảy ra mâu thuẫn.

    INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION IN DA NANG

    In 2016, Think Playground, Healthbridge and Playground Ideas submitted a joint proposal in response to a competition launched by Unresilient Cities in conjunction with the City of Da Nang. The Vietnamese organization visited the site and proposed a design in harmony with residents and the local environment, while the participation of Playground Ideas and Healthbridge provided them with technical assistance and conferred an international status to the proposal. Their proposal was successful, but local authorities wanted the bidding organizations to be responsible for their own fundraising. It’s in this type of situation where alliances with other organizations are particularly useful. Playground Ideas demanded that the local authorities be responsible for amassing the required funds. To date, however, the project has still not been implemented due to a lack of funding initiatives on the part of the Da Nang authorities.

    Mục tiêu tương tự, Vai trò khác nhau

    ” Healthbridge focuses on advocacy, but there is desire to have a pilot project to show how the ideas can work in reality : Make the case. “

    Healthbridge's Officer

    TPG và các đối tác của mình thực hiện các vai trò khác nhau nhưng bổ sung cho nhau nhằm mục đích cải thiện môi trường sống. TPG tập trung vào hành động, thử nghiệm và thực hiện các dự án được thiết kế để thu hút sự chú ý của các quan chức và công chúng. Các đối tác chú trọng hơn vào việc thúc đẩy các lợi ích của các nhóm người dân, trong đó có lợi ích của trẻ em, và được lợi từ những dự án do TPG tạo ra. Về phía mình, họ cũng ủng hộ các luận điểm của tổ chức Việt Nam này bằng cách chia sẻ về công việc của tổ chức trong những ấn phẩm của mình.
    Chia sẻ kiến thức

    «… they cannot build playgrounds for the whole country, (they) need to adapt and share expertise. They adapted since we met them, they developed support nationally or internationally. »

    Healthbridge's Officer

    TPG tham gia tích cực vào việc tập huấn các nhóm và sáng kiến khác của Việt Nam, hướng đến đề cao việc vui chơi của trẻ em. Với sự hỗ trợ về tài chính từ các đối tác, tổ chức này chia sẻ kiến thức và chiến lược của mình nhằm nâng cao số lượng các hoạt động có tính chất DIY. Cách tiếp cận này cho phép tổ chức phát triển mạng lưới của mình và thúc đẩy hoạt động nhằm cải thiện điều kiện vui chơi cho trẻ em cả ở Việt Nam và trên thế giới.

    TRAINING OF HUE STUDENTS

    During the course of our research we observed a training session provided by Think Playgrounds to a group of students from Hue. The students had travelled with the support of a grant offered by ACCD in order to attend the training aimed at expanding the initiative beyond the Vietnamese capital.

    In the training, the founders listen to the problems encountered by the youth and share their experiences and strategies, notably with regards to funding and community involvement. The master carpenter, for his part, teaches the students how to construct simple and modifiable modular structures in addition to general woodworking techniques.

    How Do They View Think Playgrounds?

    Leader of the Global South

    Think Playground’s partners laud the innovative nature of the organization’s actions and approach. For the founder of Playground Ideas, the Vietnamese organization truly stands out through its political and marketing tactics. With a professional graphic signature and a keen grasp of the importance of bringing other actors onside through prominent events, Think Playgrounds has established itself as a key player within the DIY community of the Global South.

    Conflicts Between Social Goals and Private Sponsorships

    The services offered by company sponsors can enter into conflict with the goals of the organization and its partners. For example, the NGO partners found it problematic when Think Playgrounds associated with both a car manufacturer and an organization working to reduce the role of motor vehicles for one of its events. Illustrating the complexity of cooperating with NGOs while getting sponsored by private enterprise.

    More Than Play

    Think Playgrounds’ partners view the organization’s actions as contributing to wider issues beyond the simple right to play. Through its actions it helps further the quality of life in urban environments and promote citizen involvement, the environment, public health, and economic development through the cognitive development of children.

    “I’m not stupid enough to think play is the only element, but it’s a powerful argument, you listen to that and you think: this is a big deal.”

    Playground Ideas' Founder

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